Patricia Quinn, NOAA / PMEL

Arctic Haze Overview | PPT | @ |

Excellent overview of the sources of pollution to the Arctic, with focus on SO2 and NOx. Shows seasonal variability, and impacts of the pollutants

• Within Arctic sources
• Outside of Arctic sources (Arctic Haze)

Updated trends for Arctic Haze

• Aerosols light scattering, absorption, and optical depth
• Aerosol chemical components

Impact of short-lived pollutants on Arctic Climate

Brian Stocks, B.J. Stocks Wildfire Investigations Ltd.

Forest Fires in the Global Boreal Zone | PPT | @ |

Circumboreal forest fire (FF) activity – Canada, Russia, and AK. Area burned by FF is driven by continental climate, extreme weather, and lightening. Significant inter-annual variability makes trend analysis difficult. Lack of data also present a challenge over Siberia, but recent work with satellites is improving the accuracy of fire statistics in this region.

Canada – suppressed vs. non-active suppression regions. Three percent of total fires account for 97% of area burned. Lightning accounts for 72% of fire in Canada. Northernmost areas in Canada have biggest fires – not controlled. High boreal – lightning, freeburning, natural/essential.

Boreal fire characteristics – high fuel consumption, fast spread rates, sustained high intensity levels, towering convection columns, and emissions are subject to long range transport. 2.5 – 5 kg/m2, towering convection columns reaching UTLS.

Savanna fires – 0.1 to 1.2 kg/m2. lower convection columns.

Fuel available for combustion depends on moisture content

Crown fire – above the tree tops. Crown fires dominate in N American boreal zone. Well-defined convection column results from these fires.

Changing Canadian fire management – More frequent and severe fire activity and longer fire season. Less terrestrial carbon storage, and increased smoke transport. Forests under stress – older forests, more pest infestation due to no burning policy. Forward policy will have more fire activity – less “actioned” fires (No burn policy).

Mike Fromm, Naval Research Lab

PyroCumuloNimbus, POLARCAT, and ARCTAS | PPT | @ |

The Chisholm (Alberta) PyroCb, May 28, 2001. Plume topped out in LS. Higher aerosol index than observed in tropical forest fires. Due to altitude, 20K tons of smoke in stratosphere. This represents 5% of NH stratosphere sulfate mass. Transported from Canada to Spitsbergen to MLO?

July 2006: several pyroCBs at same time. Satellite data from Calipso shows greater backscatter at 532 than 1064. But cirrus has about the same backscatter at 532 and 1064 in British Columbia. Thus 532 nm can be used effectively to track FF emissions.

2007: First pyroCB detected this year – Ham Lake Fire, Minnesota/Ontario, May 10th. Multiple pyroCBs in one day, and usually occur in late afternoon due to correspondence with convection.

Predictability of pyroCBs. There has been at least one significant even each of the last ten years. The events are also detected in Russia via satellite. Young plumes can spread throughout the troposphere, and remain in the UT for weeks. Most activity is in June through July.

Predictors:

1.LARGE fires > 5k hectares,

2.correct weather: no precip, warm temp, lower RH, and windy conditions after fire starts, and

3.cold front moving in, generating strong convection.

Alf Kirkevåg, Norwegian Meteorological Institute (met.no)

Overview of CAM-OSLO results and plans for POLARCAT | PPT | @ |

Planned POLARCAT activities include calculation of sfc albedo due to soot deposition.

Marc Delmotte – LSCE, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ-IPSL

GRAAM | PPT | @ |

Automatic Monitoring and Modeling in Greenland. CO2. Located in S. Greenland. In Ivittuut – town that is no longer inhabited. Wanted always open ocean upwind. Collect flasks. Also can analyze for CH4, N2O, SF, CO, H2 13CO2.

Renate Treffeisen / Astrid Richter et al. – Alfred Wegner Institute - Potsdam

AMALi | PPT | @ |

Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi). Summary of instrument and measurements. Specifications aboard the POLAR 2 during ASTAR 2007. Summary of measurements during ASTAR 2007, Svalbard campaign.

Sylvia Generoso – Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)

Arctic Aerosols and Global Chemical Transport Models | PPT | @ |

Models+sat+field measurements – 4D aerosol fields in the Arctic. AOT validation by comparison with lower latitude sites. Have also compared to Spitsbergen. Generoso et al., JGR, 2007. Assimilation method is encouraging (relatively good agreement with measurements). Impact for the Arctic: Put boreal ff in a CTM. Calculated the impact of the 2003 Russian fires on the Arctic aerosol burden.

Calculating contribution of the N. hemisphere fires to BC deposition and AOT. Generoso et al., JGR, in press.

Phil Rasch – National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)

Climate impacts of biomass burning in the Northern Hemisphere | PPT | @ |

Inverse modeling of CO emissions.

TOMS aerosol index for smoke plumes – 12 to 30.

Baumgardner GRL 2004. Warming in the Arctic lower stratosphere. LAP mass – up to 100 ng/m3. Could explain GCM cold bias in lower start that has existed for 20 yrs. It can make a difference. Need measurements – low levels require sensitive, high time resolution technique.

Pfister et al. Wildfires in AK based on MOPITT CO. 2004 – record fire year. MODIS is higher than MISR (hard to do aerosol retrieval with MODIS over land). To stay near obs, need more BC or more absorbing OC.

Flanner et al. 2007 (this week). Response to BC deposition. Put BC in polar regions get a much higher efficacy than at lower latitudes. Warms snow, earlier melt, change snow grain, impurities move to sfc during melt.

Would like to do aerosol forecasting for Polarcat.

(Milagro – significant OC absorption in blue and near UV).

Renate Treffeisen – Alfred Wegner Institute, Potsdam

ASTAR 2007 Results and Summary | PPT | @ |

Strom et al., 2003: size distributions. See transition from anthropogenic to biogenic (mean size).

Treffeisen et al., 2006:

Wang et al. 2005: temperature trends for winter and summer. Winter getting colder, summer is getting warmer.

ASTAR 2000 (spring): Rinke et al., 2004; Treffeisen et al., 2004.

ASTAR 2004 (spring to summer transition) – but actually clean most of the time.

ASTAR 2007: Falcon and POLAR 2 – operated out of Longbyearen.

Weather didn’t change much. Wind coming from Greenland most of the time – v. clean, cold air. Transport from Europe never reached the operation area. Arctic Haze event did not happen for a second year (2004 and 2007).

Haze event – AOD at 0.15. Particles non-spherical at 6 to 8 km. Appear to be large ice crystals. Could use two lidar wavelengths (532 and 1064) to see that partcles are big. Combined with radiosonde and high RH at this alt points to ice crystals.

Andreas Minikin – Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institute of Atmospheric Physics

DLR Falcon results from ASTAR 2007 | PPT | @ |

3/27 – 4/16. Often cloud free over Svalbard and cloud cover over the sea. NOAA IR images – look at for cloud cover and sea ice extent.

No Arctic haze events but did see SO2 layers – smelters? Fossil fuel source? Local Arctic pollution.

Northerly flow with no interruption – so 3 weeks of flow NOT from the continent.

There were layers aloft – just not at the surface. Some aged stuff was observed but just less than under typical polluted situations.

Layers are very high, well defined, and well aged. Indicates no extensive vertical mixing is going on.

Laurier Poissant – Meteorological Service of Canada

Mercury in the Arctic | PPT | @ |

Hg depletion events – mid Feb thru mid April. Related to formation of BrO in the area. Get BrO with a DOAS. Found correlation between BrO and Hg. BrO maximum when T < -8C and air masses from Hudson Bay. i.e. long range transport.

Atm. Transfer of Hg to the snow surface. It is then revolatilized back to the atm. Within 12 hrs. Photooxidation of the oxidized form of Hg.

How much is retained in the Arctic? Methyl Hg is biologically active. In late spring there is an increase of MeHg in snow. MeHg reached about 8% of total Hg. Is there active Hg methylation process in the snow? Constant et al., JGR, 2007, fate of Hg in snow cover.

In fall no Hg depletion events were observed in northern Canada.

IPY projects: OASIS – Canada, CiCAT (Carbon cycling in the tundra). Melting permafrost / methane fluxes.

Lauri Laakso – University of Helsinki

Finish Stations in POLARCAT and measurements of snow scavenging | PPT | @ |

Scavenging of subum particles by snow fall in the real atm. Size distribution before and after snow. So get the change in particle size dist due to snow. Episodes with clear concentration changes due to air mass changes, nucleation, local pollution etc. are rejected. Scavenging coefficient is calculated statistically. Get a scavenging coefficient as a function of particle size.

Alex Kokhanovsky – University of Bremen

Retrieval of Snow Properties from Space | PPT | @ |

Need accurate parameterization of snow phase function. Can’t use Mie theory because particles are more like fractals. Has relationship to get from reflectivity to albedo. Developing arctic modeling and observing capabilities for long-term environmental studies. MODIS band 5 sensitive to grain size. Systematic difference in retrieved grain size between MODIS terra and aqua. Also trying to use AATSR for satellite retrievals.

Attempt to account for snow pollution in the visible. Get snow albedo and try to relate to soot concentration. This is limited by uncertainties, though.

Gao Chen – NASA Langley Research Center

Snow Photochemistry, results from Summit, Greenland | PPT | @ |

On behalf of Jack Dibb, UNH, atmospheric chemistry over snow: Summit camp, 72N.

The way impurities get incorporated into the snow is more complex than originally thought. Snow falls, photochemistry occurs, generate reactive species, those species can go back in the air, get re-deposited etc.

Snow is top shallow layer. Firn is deeper layer. UV can penetrate into snow up to 10 cm.

Higher snow conc than atm conc for H2O2, HCHO, HONO. Dibb et al. 2007. Gas phase chemistry alone can not reproduce levels and diurnal variation that is measured. Add in snow chemistry but still missing chemistry.

CIMS and DOAS report similar levels of BrO – 0 to 3 pptv. What is the source at Summit – snow or transport? Mid- day see a lot of BrO

Snow is a net source of atm. H2O2 but less certain for CH2O.

Review of polar photochemistry by Grannas et al. in ACPD.

Snow/firn chemistry is responsible for generating reactive gas phase species.

Cathy Clerbaux – Service d'Aeronomie, University of Paris

The use of Satellite measurements during POLARCAT | PPT | @ |

METOP – two instruments. IASI – temperature retrievals (top of clouds). Good Arctic coverage since it is a polar orbiting satellite.

Solar occultation measurements – look at earth’s atmosphere at different angles so get vertical information.

MOPITT – CO. Use MOPITT data to improve emission inventories from fires.

Summer, 2004: Largest fire year on record in terms of area burned in AK and Canada.

Operates in the IR so surface reflectance is not a problem. Temperature will be a problem because it is so cold – will be trying to get a small signal so will have small signal to noise ratios.

What will be provided during POLARCAT:

• Global view of pollutants distribution.
• Characterisation of boreal forest fires.
• Prediction of main pollution plumes.

Jacques Pelon – IPSL Service Aéronomie

CALIPSO Measurements | PPT - not available | @ |

PI: Dave Winker

Co-PI: Jacques Pelon

3 instruments: 3 channel lidar (532, 532, 1064), 3 channel Imaging IR radiometer, wid-field camera.

Mission duration: 3 years. Launched in April 2006.

Swath is only 60 km.

Version 2 release – November 2007.

During a mission, how quickly would quick look products be made available? About 2 – 3 days. On NASA ASDAC.

Dehydration – Greenhouse feedback.

YAK – Flights over Siberia

John Burkhart – Norwegian Institute for Air Research

IASOA and POLARCAT | PPT | @ |

Legacy of continuous measurements.

Combined with focused campaigns

Tiksi in Siberia. Eureka in Canada (Uttal).

Tiksi – NSF rebuilt in 2006. Hope to implement flask samples. Find out more from NOAA PSD web site.

Andrei Skorokhad – OIAP, Russia

TROICA Russian train measurements. | PPT | @ |

10 campaigns from 1995 – 2006. And will continue.

Gas phase. Aerosol = size distribution, scattering, mass, BC, chemical composition.

Trans Siberian railway.

CO2 fluxes using CO2 concentration and Rn222.

Methane soil fluxes.

Methane sources = leakages from pipelines, gas and oil fields.

Increase in non methane HCs upon meeting trains going the other direction.

Extensive forest fire case Oct 2005. Frequent fire observations.

Nss SO4 up to 10 ug/m3.(Kuokka et al., 2007)

Seasonal variations of surface concentrations of O3, no, etc Lavrova et al. 2007.

Richard Honrath – Michigan Technological University (Presented by G. Chen)

Biomass burning and anthropogenic impacts on artic tropospheric chemistry – POLARCAT project at Summit | PPT | @ |

Can start anytime next year after March. 2 years continuous measurements.

Contrasting behavior of PAN, NOy etc. in arctic BL, FT.

Sharp NOy decline from sp to summer. (BL)

FT – Noy and PAN increase from sp into summer.

Simultaneous measurements on Pico will constrain large scale outflow from boreal forest fires.

Pollution transport from mid-latitudes.

Spring 2208 through spring/summer 3020.

Ortiz de Galisteo – Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia

GOA UVA | PPT | @ |

Ground level sun and sky radiance measurements. AOD, angstrom exp, absorption components, etc.

In Situ – particle counters, classifiers and cascade imp.

Iberian aerosols measurement network.

But now going to the Arctic. Since 2002, routine sunphotometer measurements at Alomar (Northern Norway) (69N, 16E). Characterize AOD and Angstrom Exponenet, Origin of the aerosol haze.

Conclusion: aerosol loading in clean conditions is very low.

Haze events. AOD = 0.1 to 0.22.(Clean = <0.1). Tellus reference.

Planning for 2007:

May – September

• ALOMAR (Norway)
• Psap APS, CPC, sun photometer.
• Focus on LRT of aerosols into the arctic atm. Monitor and characterize optical aerosol properties,
• New instruments: neph, lidar ramman, and MAAP (multi angle absorption photometer.
• Participating in Project POLA-AOD. Bi-polar measurements.
• Observed values of ozone and pressure are required to achieve the necessary accuracy in AOD because of low arctic values.

Alexander Reshetnikov – Russia (Not presented)

Methane measurements in Siberia during POLARCAT | PPT | @ |

Using the local statistical dependence between methane fluxes value and wetland environment parameters it is possible to estimate the spatial distribution of CH4 fluxes with high resolution

Parameterization of natural methane fluxes for Russian North region is carried out, it needs to be developed taking into consideration the dependence of hydrological regime on the temperatures and for warmer conditions, also it should be developed for temperatures below 00C when the positive methane fluxes are observed

Net methane emission is always accelerated by atmospheric warning processes

Summer natural methane emission from Northern part of West Siberia is estimated as 10.5 Mt CH4/year

IPCC climate change scenarios can be used for numerical estimates of methane emission variation over Western Siberia area on the base of developed parameterization of natural methane fluxes

Our further study will be aimed at numerical estimates of seasonal and multiyear variations of GHG emission in Russian and European North areas.

2007 PLANNING NOTES

Farahani –

SPARC – IPY Overview| PPT | @ |

Structure and evolution of polar stratosphere and mesosphere and links to the trop during IPY

Activities:

1. Arctic measurement program. Major site at Eureka.
2. Antarctic measurements
3. Stratospheric sudden warming events
4. SPARC-DAWG contribution

Lots of dynamics + Ozone.

Jean-Daniel Paris – Antonov-30 (YAK)

YAK Campaign over Siberia, results and future plans | PPT | @ |

8000 km across Siberia. 50 – 70N.

3 days of flights, 2 – 8 vertical legs / flight. From 500 – 7000 m AGL. x 3 or 4?

June 2007 and 2008.

Kathy Law - French ATR42

Spring and Summer 2008. French ATR42 – low flying airplane. | @ |

Spring objectives:

• Processes influencing winter-spring ozone transition (LRT, STE, etc.)
• Pollutant transport mechanisms into/out of Arctic (Across polar front into Arctic Haze; European emissions.)
• Aerosol properties in pollutant-haze layers.
• Aerosol – cloud interactions.

  Springtime study region: northern scandanavia. Can only go up to 75N because of navigation equipment onboard. Base out of Kiruna.

  3 March to 7 April – 5 flights per week.

Summer objectives:

• Boreal forest fires. Large ozone production in these plumes. When they descend, the PAN releases NOx and ozone is produced.

  Summer – western Greenland. July 2008.N-S transects and overflights of Summit.

TARA yacht – in sea ice through march or april of 2008. See web site: http://www.taraexpeditions.org/

Hans Schlager – DLR Falcon 2008

POLARCAT Spring and Summer experiments | PPT | @ |

Hans Schlager and Andreas Minikin.

Spring/Summer 2008.

Arctic Haze and wildfires.

Base in spring: Kiruna. European Arctic to Spitsbergen is about the range.

Base in summer: Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany with suitcase flights.

Nitrogen oxides. Ozone, CO. Want to release a PFC tracer (C8F16)

Aerosol instruments: heated/unheated 6 channel CPC system; DMA, PCASP, FSSP, nephelometer.

Spring deployment: 3/25 – 4/11, 2008.

Summer deployment: June 9 – 27, 2008.

Charles Brock – NOAA P3

ARCPAC: Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate | PPT | @ |

Winter arctic front plotted on top of Stohl 2006 soot sources.

Summertime smoke layers. But clean at surface.

Spring pollution layers. Can have layer at sfc or not. Layers above or not.

IR emissions from the layers appear to be important. If particles take up water and swell, the emit IR radiation.

Will have SSFR, actinic flux radiometer, longwave pyrgeometer (Pilewskie) so can retrieve heating rates, etc.

Fairbanks, April 2008. 1 week of ferry time. 3 weeks of intensive obs starting April 1. Total of 10 flights, about 3 flights/week. Go from Fairbanks to Barrow to link with surface, remote measurements, ISDAC.

No known measurements of f(RH) in the arctic.

Fly up to about 6 km.

Hanwant Singh – NASA DC-8 – ARCTAS | @ |

White paper: cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/arctas

Spring (April) 2008

Summer (July) 2008

3 weeks each

Long range transport of pollution including arctic haze, ozone, and persistent pollutants.

Boreal forest fires.

Radiative forcing.

Chemical processes – ozone, aerosols, Hg, halogens.

DC-8 – in situ platform

P3 – remote sensing platform

B-200 – HSRL – calipso validation.

Sat: calipso, omi, tes, modis, airs, misr, mopitt, scia, gome-2

AOD, ozone, BrO, NO2, HCHOsatellite validation

PAN/NOy = 80%. This happens no where else. Transport to warmer atmospheres leads to release of NOy.

Sprovieri et al 2005 – ozone/Hg depletion events.

DC-8 150 flight hrs – maybe half and half for each season.

Base out of Thule or Keflvik, Iceland. Prefer Thule. Spend 10 – 12 days here. Then go to Fairbanks.

P-3 and B-200 will only work out of Fairbanks.

DC-8 out of Edmonton, Canada in July with P-3 and B-200.

Phil Russell – NASA P3 - ARCTAS| @ |

calipso, cloudsat, omi, modis, misr = aerosol relevant satellites

Warren et al. snow soot measurements in April east of Barrow.

Bates / Quinn / Knorr –NOAA

ICEALOT Campaign Overview | PPT | @ |

Overview of the ICEALOT R/V Ron Brown cruise by NOAA from Wood's Hole - Iceland - Tromsø during POLARCAT (March/April 2008)

Verlinde - DOE - ARM

(Not presented, provided electronically)

Routine In-Situ Clouds and Aerosol Measurements | PPT| @ |

RISCAM Project - Canadian Convair 580.

Objective: Statistic description of cloud properties over Barrow and the aerosol properties that determine it

Dates: April 1 – July 31, 2008, Barrow. ~ 3 flights weekly during cloudy conditions

Steve Ghan - PNL (Not presented, provided electronically)

Indirect Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) | PPT| @ |

Canadian National Research Council Convair aircraft

Hangar at Fairbanks

50 hr/month flights between Deadhorse and Barrow

Cloud particle size distribution and image

Total, refractory and cloud-borne aerosol size distribution and single-particle composition, CCN and IN concentration

Cloud extinction, aerosol scattering & absorption

Wednesday discussion

• Adopt ICARTT data protocol - modified to meet IPY.
• Intercomparison / Integration Group: Chuck Brock, Gao Chen, Hans Schlager, and Gerard Ancellet. This group will initially be responsible for the assurance of data interoperability between the campaigns.
  
• Register on a project level in order to be officially part of POLARCAT for data sharing. (Develop a 'core group' which will vote on project selection)